经济

Abstract This paper analyzes how modern states, under fiscal expansion and financial liberalization, convert debt and monetary creation into mechanisms of silent wealth dilution. Using data from the U.S., China, Japan, and the Eurozone, we examine the correlations between debt growth, monetary expansion, GDP, labor share, and wealth concentration. Results show that since the 1990s, major economies have witnessed debt growth rates exceeding GDP growth by 3–6 percentage points

Abstract This paper examines changes in the proportion of labor time required to maintain daily living standards among different income groups in the United States from 1960 to 2024. Taking the perspective of labor time cost , it analyzes how the rapid growth of capital income (corporate profits and financial/stock market returns) has affected the time workers must devote to sustaining basic life needs—including food, housing, transportation, education, healthcare, insurance,